2019新SAT考试OG阅读中心题型解析9

>>SAT阅读：2019新SAT考试OG阅读中心题型解析9

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P766——Section 2

动物玩耍的新进展

17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. The comparison is between a four-to-five-week-old puppy and a rambunctious child chasing and wrestling with its siblings. The word "rival" (line 4) suggests that the activities of the puppy pretty nearly match, or equal, those of the child, probably in terms of how boisterous they are and in terms of the energy expended.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Whereas rivals may mock each other, in the sense of ridiculing or mimicking, it would be strange to say that puppies mock the play of children. Moreover, it seems clear from the passage that both puppies and children do what they do independently of one another.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The relation between "rival" and "dispute" is not that they are equivalent in meaning, but rather that they can readily be associated with each other. For example, a rivalry may be rooted in a dispute, or give rise to a dispute. However, it would make little sense to say that "the antics of one dispute the antics of the other," but this would be the result of substituting "dispute" for "rival" in the current context.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Rival," as used in line 4, does not mean anything like "play with." In fact, it would make little sense to say that "the antics of one play with the antics of the other," but this would be the result of substituting "play with" for "rival" in the current context. The relation between "rival" and "play with" is not that they are equivalent in meaning, but rather that they can sometimes be associated with each other, especially if "rival" is used in the sense of "compete." For example, two rivals in the sport of tennis may sometimes play with each other in a doubles match.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does not describe two sets of antics as being in opposition to each other. Nor do the puppy and the child contend against each other. Rather, the passage uses a rambunctious child's play as a yardstick against which to measure the antics of a very young puppy. And the passage finds that the antics of the puppy are similar to those of the child, in terms of liveliness and extravagance.

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18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. In the second paragraph, different sorts of play—stalking and wrestling, playing tag, playing by oneself with rocks and sticks, and tickling others—are associated with different kinds of animals. Thus the varied nature of animal play is displayed.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. In the third paragraph there is mention of an assumption held by biologists that play among animals "was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study" (line 19). But the kinds of play included in the second paragraph do not support this assumption, nor are they offered in its support.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The point that the second paragraph primarily addresses—that there are many animals that play when young and that they play in a variety of ways—is not presented in the passage as a controversial point that needs to be proven. It is presented as a point that had long been ignored but which has, in the last two decades, attracted some of the attention that, according to the passage, it deserves.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The descriptions of animal play in the second paragraph are not offered as contrasting in any way with "a previous description of animal play." The first paragraph of the passage contains a description of animal play, but the sorts of play described are much the same as in the second paragraph. For example, chasing and wrestling occur in both paragraphs. The passage gives no indication of any historically earlier descriptions of animal play with which the descriptions in the second paragraph are contrasted. Rather, the passage says that "play among animals was ignored by scientists for most of this [the 20th] century" (lines 15-16).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The second paragraph does include the sentence, "From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups of mammals and even some birds play for a significant fraction of their youth" (lines 7-9). What this emphasizes, however, is behavioral and developmental similarities between animals and humans, not physical similarities.

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19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. Largely on the basis of the study first mentioned in line 26, the passage says that "research on play has given biologists an important tool with which to probe the development of the brain and motor systems of animals" (lines 38-40). It is thus reasonable to suppose that this research may help lead us to an understanding of animals' physiological development.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage says that at one point (up to two decades ago) biologists felt that "play" was "too nebulous a concept either to define or to study" (line 19), and this belief may have been influenced by the great variety of play behavior among animals. But the passage does not suggest that modern biologists studying play among animals find the many forms that play takes particularly troublesome, or that the biologists who did the study whose results are reported in lines 26-31 had any special difficulty with this.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The summary of "one study" (line 26) does not say anything about when animals begin to play. It talks about when various animals play the most (for kittens, between 4 and 20 weeks of age). This implies that kittens begin playing before they are 4 weeks old, that is, long before they approach adulthood.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Play may be a key factor in the social organization of some animal groups, but the study referred to in line 26 did not investigate that possibility. The study appears to have been strictly focused on certain permanent physiological and neural changes that take place in young animals just when play is at its peak. There is no indication that the results had any bearing on any questions concerning the social organization of the animals studied.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The researchers involved in the study referred to in line 26 would not have been particularly concerned to recognize behavioral similarities across species. They simply needed clear definitions of what to count as play behavior among kittens, among rats, and among mice, because for each species, they related the frequency of play to the occurrence of certain changes in the brain and motor systems. But what the passage says about the study does not suggest in any way that there were behavioral similarities across species that those researchers failed to recognize. Hence, the findings of that study do not support the more general claim that researchers do not always recognize behavioral similarities among diverse species.

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20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. The principle illustrated in lines 43-46 is that play in an infant animal serves to build muscle and brain connections that will help the adult animal survive. In view of the fact that monkeys spend their entire lives in trees, the ability to expertly navigate this kind of environment is crucial to them. One of the obvious uses of this ability is to escape predators. Chasing one another up and down trees when young is clearly a good way to build the necessary muscle and brain connections.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The restriction of play behavior to playing with siblings seems to offer no advantages in building muscle and brain connections that will be useful later in life. So this restriction is not a good additional example of the principle that, in an infant animal, play serves to build muscle and brain connections that will help the adult animal survive.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. If playing more or less exclusively with one particular toy means that only a restricted range of muscle and brain connections are built, then this is an example of how things can sometimes go slightly wrong. Humans depend on a broad range of physical capabilities. So a one-sided preference probably does not illustrate the principle that, in an infant animal, play serves to build muscle and brain connections that will help the adult animal survive.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Firstly, it is not about an animal at play. Secondly, the animal being trained is probably an adult, not a baby animal. Finally, jumping through a hoop is probably not the kind of behavior that the passage means when it talks about adult animal behavior. Most probably, the passage does not refer to behavior that is the result of specific training by humans.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The migration of birds is not play behavior among young birds, so it is not an example of exploring in play the same kinds of behavior that adults use.

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21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. Young athletes playing on a soccer team are likely to learn the essential lessons mentioned in line 51—what the limits of their strength are and how to control themselves among others. Playing soccer is highly structured playing, but it is still playing, with plenty of opportunity for each player to act on his or her own initiative. The "others" that set limits on a young soccer player's actions are teammates, with whom the player has to learn to cooperate, as well as opponents, whom the player has to learn to confront with fairness and respect.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. A class setting out on a field trip is typically closely supervised. There is practically no opportunity for participants to play. The kind of spontaneous behavior that could result in vigorous physical interaction, or in conflict and subsequent accommodation with others, is unlikely to arise.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The essential lessons to be learned include "how to control themselves among others" (lines 50-51). For a child, the first attempts to roller-skate are essentially an individual endeavor. The focus is on the learner's own body becoming comfortable with a new way of moving, but not on how to interact with others.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The essential lessons mentioned in line 51 are lessons that young animals learn while playing. A bear defending its young will be an adult bear that is not playing. So this adult bear will not be learning the essential lessons that young animals learn while playing.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The essential lessons mentioned in line 51 relate to how an animal learns to fit into "a close-knit group" (line 52). A kitten playing with a ball of string is playing a solitary game, so it is unlikely to learn from this game how to get along with others of its kind.

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22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. According to the "theory" (line 55), play—at least among social mammals—has a useful function, the function of socializing members of the group. The "opinion" (line 61) is that of Robert Fagen who, as the passage puts it, believes that "animals play simply for the fun of it" (lines 64-65). So he does not think that play has a useful purpose.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Even though the "theory" (line 55) attributes a socializing function to play, there is no reason to think that those who hold that theory would deny that animals enjoy playing. So there is no reason to think that on this point they would disagree with Robert Fagen, whose opinion is referred to in line 61 and who clearly thinks that animals do enjoy playing.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The "theory" (line 55) is about the socializing function of play among social mammals. The theory has nothing to say about the frequency of play among nonsocial animals. Fagen's opinion that animals play because it is fun is based on years of studying brown bears. There is no indication in the passage that Fagen has a view about whether play mainly occurs among social animals. So the passage provides no reason to think that the "theory" and the "opinion" differ on this point.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. As they are described in the passage, neither the "theory" nor the "opinion" takes any position on how it is that animals learn to play.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. There are references earlier in the passage that suggest that play is, in fact, pleasurable to watch. There is talk about the "antics" (line 3) of a puppy, and about "youthful displays of exuberance" (lines 14-15). There is no indication that either those holding the "theory" (line 55) or those holding the "opinion" (line 61) do not take pleasure in watching the play of the animals that they study.

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23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. Robert Fagen's belief that, in the case of bears at least, play happens because it is fun nicely rounds out the kinds of explanations that are discussed in the passage. The passage has, by this time, already offered functional explanations for animal play in terms of physiological maturation and in terms of effective socialization. Toward the end of the passage, however, the possibility is put forward that these explanations in terms of advantages in the struggle for survival may not be the right ones. The reference to Robert Fagen is part of this speculation about a different type of explanation.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The discussion of Robert Fagen's work does not offer any evidence. All that is said about Fagen's work is that he concluded from his observations that brown bears play for fun. The passage does not say what Fagen's observations were. And the conclusion itself is not evidence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Robert Fagen's work is discussed as an alternative to other approaches to explaining animal play, not as a way of revealing logical relationships among the different explanations that have been given.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The discussion of Fagen's work does not mention any resistance of conservative scientists to new ideas. On the contrary, the study of animal play is presented as intellectually very lively, with a variety of new ideas receiving serious consideration. The discussion of Fagen's work can be seen as suggesting how wide open and receptive to new ideas the field currently is. The passage does point out that there are theoretical disagreements. For example, the passage says that not everyone agrees with theory of play as an aid to socialization (lines 54-55). But the rejection of a particular theory is not the same as being generally resistant to new ideas. And in this case, the people doing the rejecting are the ones with new ideas.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The point of discussing Fagen's work is not to demonstrate how new findings challenge widely held beliefs. Rather, it is to illustrate the diversity of beliefs currently held in the field of animal play behavior. The passage does contain material that demonstrates how a widely held belief (the belief that animal play was not worth studying) lost credibility as new findings (e.g., the findings of the study on kittens, mice, and rats summarized in the fourth paragraph) emerged. But Fagen's work is not presented as having undermined the credibility of other beliefs about animal play.

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24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. With regard to bears playing, Fagen speaks of a growing conviction that "aesthetic factors are primary" (lines 63-64), and the passage explains this as meaning that they "play simply for the fun of it" (lines 64-65). In this respect, Fagen suggests, bears playing are like people dancing: both bears and people engage in activities that are of little immediate practical use.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B:

Choice (B) is incorrect. It is true that both playing among bear cubs and dancing among people involve peer groups in shared physical activity. But this is not the point Fagen is trying to make with his comparison between bears playing and people dancing. Fagen is not interested in the general question, "In what ways are the two activities alike?" Rather, he is trying to answer a specific question about purpose: "Why do they do what they do and what do they get out of it?"

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Fagen believes that both for people dancing and for bears playing, the point of the activity is to have fun (lines 64-65). This does not rule out that there are coincidental benefits, such as the promotion of physical coordination. But Fagen is clearly not suggesting that the point of either activity is to promote physical coordination.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage suggests, especially in the second paragraph, that Fagen's observations of bears playing had to come from young animals, but there is no reason to think that Fagen's reference to people dancing is in any way age-restricted. In any event, Fagen's concern is with the point of these activities, not the age at which they are carried out.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. According to the passage, Fagen takes the position that bears play for the same reason that people dance, "simply for the fun of it" (lines 64-65). Fagen is relying here on a stereotype about dancing, namely that people do it just for fun, and suggests that the motive young bears have for playing is the same. Nothing that Fagen is quoted as saying suggests that he relates the playing of bears or the dancing of people to social development.

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