2019新SAT考试OG阅读中心题型解析8

>>SAT阅读：2019新SAT考试OG阅读中心题型解析8

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P764——Section 2

内战时期的妇女权利问题

10.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. In the beginning of the sentence in which the quotation from the Constitution occurs, women are contrasted with "indentured servants, slaves, and American Indians" (line 6). Women who did not belong to one of these other groups were classified by the Constitution as among "the whole number of free persons" (line 10). But for these other groups, who were not "free persons," the question of voting and being elected to public office was seen as an issue, whereas for women the issue did not even arise. The quotation from the Constitution emphasizes the internal inconsistency—of classifying women as equivalent to men in one respect and as being unequal to men in another respect.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The quotation from the Constitution serves to emphasize that women were "free persons" in a very limited sense, not to demonstrate that women were free, while servants, slaves, and American Indians were not.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage specifically says that women could not vote or "be elected to public office" (line 11-12). There is no suggestion that women could get around this restriction by being appointed rather than elected.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. According to the passage, equitable representation, required a reasonably accurate count of "the whole number of free persons" (line 10) in a state. The passage does suggest that there were many people who did not get counted because they were not classified as "free persons," but this is not the same as illustrating the difficulty "of achieving equitable representation."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does not use the term "free citizen." The quotation is used in the course of making the point that women were regarded as "free persons" (line 10). Nothing in the passage suggests that someone could be a free person but not a free citizen.

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11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The passage says that "women in large numbers had been involved in political actions in the American Revolution" (lines 14-15), and goes on to mention “fund-raising, tea boycotts, and actions against profiteering merchants” as examples of ways women had found for "exerting influence on political events" (lines 17-18).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage mentions “fund-raising, tea boycotts, and actions against profiteering merchants” as ways women had found for "exerting influence on political events" (lines 17-18). But exerting influence on events connected with the American Revolution is not the same as altering the course of the American Revolution.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The activities mentioned in lines 18-19 are cited as examples of political activities undertaken by women in support of the American Revolution. There is no suggestion that the women involved saw these activities as protests against specifically male dominance as opposed to protests against British dominance in general. It is only later that the passage discusses ways women began to raise the issue of rights for women.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no suggestion that “fund-raising, tea boycotts, and actions against profiteering merchants” were the only political activities available to women during the Revolutionary War period. In fact, the passage specifically mentions that women also engaged in protests "against various wartime atrocities" (line 23).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. There is no reason to think that the political activities women engaged in were only those that directly affected their households. The passage also says that women engaged in protests against wartime atrocities (line 23) as well as in the activities cited in lines 18-19.

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12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The author begins the second paragraph by saying that "women in large numbers had been involved in political actions in the American Revolution" (lines 14-15). But the first list of political actions women engaged in during that period included tea boycotts, which were not something with which anyone favoring the British side would have been involved. So by going on to mention specifically "Loyalist women" as engaging in other political activities, the author shows that women's involvement in political activities was not restricted to those on one side but extended to women in general.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. As the parenthetical remark in line 20 explains, "Loyalist" was the term used for people in the American colonies who sided with the British in the American Revolution. The author mentions "Loyalist women" in line 20 to show that women on both sides of the conflict engaged in political activity. "Loyalists," whatever their position on property rights for women, would probably have been considered disloyal by those who supported the revolution.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says that Loyalist women . . . argued for their property rights (lines 20-21). But in the next paragraph, Abigail Adams—who was on the other side—is discussed at some length as arguing for property rights for women. Nothing in the passage suggests that women on one side of the conflict were more vocal about their political views than women on the other side. In fact, the author's point is that women generally became more vocal about their political views during this period than they had been before.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The author mentions tea boycotts and fund-raising before saying anything about the political activities of Loyalist women. The reference to tea boycotts and fund-raising strongly suggests that the women who engaged in these activities were women who supported the Revolution, not Loyalist women.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. While there is some suggestion in the reference to "female members of elite families" (line 24) that Loyalist women tended to be more socially prominent than women who supported the American Revolution, the point the author wants to make by mentioning Loyalist women is that women on both sides of the conflict had begun to engage in political activity.

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13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. In the first paragraph, the author presents women's rights as a non-issue for men during the Revolutionary War period. In the second paragraph, the author shows that it was becoming a serious issue for women. The discussion of Abigail and John Adams in the third paragraph is introduced as a striking example of this difference in attitude between men and women. They are described as a "well-matched and loving couple" (line 38) to show that the different positions of men and women on women's rights were not simply a reflection of personal conflicts between the sexes.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. John and Abigail Adams disagreed about the issue of whether the new legal code for the new republic should include specific protections of women's property rights. The author's purpose in describing them as "a well-matched and loving couple" (line 38) is not to point out that they agreed on political issues

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that the disagreement between John and Abigail Adams on the issue of women's rights resulted in any general disruption of their domestic harmony. Indeed, Abigail is described as making her points in language "appropriate to women's subordinate status in marriage" (lines 44-45).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Nothing in the passage suggests that anyone believed John and Abigail's marriage to have been an unhappy one.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. One of the main points of the passage is that during the Revolutionary War era, men and women tended to have very different opinions about the issue of women's rights. If that is true, it strongly suggests that most married couples of that period probably disagreed about the women's rights issue. However, the description of John and Abigail Adams as "a well-matched and loving couple" (line 38) is meant to show that disagreements between men and women about women's rights were not simply the result of personal conflicts between them.

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14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. This expression appears in one of Abigail Adams' letters to her husband, where she tries to persuade him to include in the new legal code protections for women "against the 'naturally tyrannical' tendencies of their husbands" (lines 42-43). The word "innately" captures this sense of "naturally."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. It would not make sense for Abigail Adams to argue for laws against behavior that they themselves describe as appropriate.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Authentically" means genuinely, or not merely appearing on the surface to be so. While "naturally" could conceivably mean "authentically," such an interpretation does not work well in this context, since Adams is emphasizing the innateness rather than deepseatedness of men's "tyranny."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The word "thoroughly" has no standard use in which it means "naturally." Moreover, according to the author's account, Abigail wants to present the tendencies women need protection against as tendencies that can be controlled. Otherwise, it would make no sense to ask "for men's chivalrous protection from the excesses of other men" (lines 45-46). But if men's tendencies were "thoroughly"— that is, nothing other than—tyrannical, all men would behave tyrannically all the time.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Although "naturally" can be used to mean "unsurprisingly" in some contexts, this is not a context of this sort. Abigail's point is that the tyrannical tendencies of husbands are of a kind that makes laws to protect women necessary. Saying that the tendencies are "naturally" present supports the idea that laws might be needed to control those tendencies. Saying that the tendencies are unsurprising, however, serves no purpose in supporting Abigail's position.

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15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. According to the author, during the Revolutionary War era "patriarchy"—the primacy of men over women—was regarded as "the very definition of social order" (lines 57-59). By saying that "for an instant, John Adams allowed himself to think seriously" (lines 50-52) about his wife's idea of legal protection for women, the author suggests that John Adams was able to overcome his cultural limitations, at least briefly.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 50-51, the author says that "for an instant, John Adams allowed himself to think seriously" about the subject of giving legal protection to women against their husbands. What he concluded, according to the author, is that such laws "would lead to social disorder" (lines 52-53). Therefore, John Adams did not regard women's need for legal protection as a pressing issue or a problem for which he had any desire to provide a solution.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The subject that John Adams is described as thinking seriously about "for an instant" (lines 50-51) is the issue raised by his wife of providing women with legal protection against their husbands. Since women's rights is the subject of the passage, there is every reason to think that the author regards this issue as a significant one.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. As the author describes it, Adams's response to the idea of providing legal protection for women against their husbands—after taking it seriously "for an instant"—is to reject it as a threat to social order, and the tone of the passage makes it clear that the author does not approve. Moreover, as the response is described, it was not particularly swift.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author's tone is not one of outrage. In fact, by saying that "for an instant, John Adams allowed himself to think seriously on this subject" (lines 50-52) the author suggests that John Adams was superior to most men of his period. Adams may not have thought about the issue for very long, but at least he did consider it.

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16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. In the last paragraph, the author maintains that in the Revolutionary War era, men saw patriarchy as "the very definition of social order" (lines 58-59). In the last sentence, the author then says, "To challenge it was seen as both ludicrous and profoundly threatening" (lines 59-60). To see something as "ludicrous" is to see it is obviously foolish, as meriting ridicule. Something that is seen as "profoundly threatening" is likely to cause fear.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the author, the Founding Fathers, in common with other men of the era, saw patriarchy as "the very definition of social order" (lines 58-59). So a challenge to patriarchy would not be in the spirit of the Founding Fathers.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The tone of the passage as a whole strongly suggests that the author disapproves of "the patriarchial assumption . . . that women could not participate in government" (lines 3-5). The challenge referred to in the last sentence is a challenge to the Founding Fathers' patriarchial assumptions. So, since there is nothing ambivalent, or uncertain, about the author's attitude toward those assumptions, the description of the challenge cannot express ambivalence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The tone of the passage as a whole strongly suggests that the author thinks that patriarchal assumptions are wrong. So challenging patriarchial assumptions is not something that shows the author's disapproval.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The last sentence describes how, in the author's view, the men of the era regarded the idea of giving women legal rights. Because men viewed the idea as both ridiculous and threatening does not imply that women believed their efforts to gain their rights were doomed to failure.

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