2019新SAT考试官方指南阅读中心题型解析4

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P664——Section 7

一战的影响

13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 does not mention women specifically at all. It either refers to the entire civilian population or to men who served in the army or to men who were in the newspaper business. Passage 2 is different. It considers in considerable detail the change in status women experienced as a result of the First World War.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Neither passage leaves any doubt about the dehumanizing effects of the war. Passage 1 speaks of the war's "industrialized ghastliness" (lines 3-4) as being too unprecedented for civilians to grasp. Passage 2 describes soldiers as being stuck "in the muck and blood of the battlefields" (line 52) and as "abandoned by the civilization of which they had ostensibly been heirs" (lines 53-54).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 2 acknowledges that there was an "official, male-centered history" (line 35) of the war but does not endorse it. Rather, it opposes to it an "unofficial female history" (lines 35-36).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Neither passage tries to identify the root causes of the conflict. Both passages take the war as a given and focus on how different the war was for two groups. The two groups are the army and civilians in the case of Passage 1 and men and women in the case of Passage 2.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 1 is the only one of the two passages that goes into the matter of censorship of information about the war.

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14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. The first sentence of Passage 1 says that it was impossible for the civilian population to know the realities of the war. Soldiers, on the other hand, knew those realities because they were experiencing them. This is the split that the passage calls a "fissure" (line 6). It is reasonable to see civilian ignorance as the cause of this fissure.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 is the only passage to mention a fissure, which it calls a fissure "between the army and the civilians." Moreover, although the discrepancy between the experiences of men and women is discussed, this discussion is in Passage 2, not in Passage 1.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 claims that civilian incomprehension, which was a main cause of the fissure, initially resulted from the "industrial ghastliness" (lines 3-4) of the war. The character of this war was so unlike anything that had gone before that, according to the passage, it had to be experienced to be believed. This suggests that it was the overall manner in which the war was conducted and the scale of the war that led to the fissure, and not the behavior of the officers who led the battles.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Any guilt that civilians may have felt about sending young men off to war is not mentioned anywhere in the two passages. According to the passage, the fissure was caused by civilians' ignorance about the soldiers’ experience

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. There is no indication in either passage that war correspondents enjoyed any special privileges. In fact, war correspondents are portrayed as having been severely limited in their ability to do their basic job.

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15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. The footnote forcefully makes the point that a published report suggesting that "the general situation was favorable" (line 28) misrepresented what was really happening. The footnote says that, on the first day of the battle, the British lost more soldiers than on any other day in the army's history.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The information in the footnote shows how far newspaper reporting went to present the war in a positive light. However, it does not suggest that later writings about the war fail to take the true facts about the battle of the Somme into account.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The footnote emphasizes how devastating the battle was in terms of lives lost. It is not the footnote but press reports that are said to have trivialized the dangers soldiers faced.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The footnote does give some indication that the cost of the war, in terms of lives lost, was high. But there is no mention anywhere in the passage of any benefits of the war. So the information in the footnote does not figure in any cost/benefit comparison.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The footnote presents statistical information only. It does not represent anyone's personal reflections.

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16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. Passage 1 lists rigid censorship of the press as one of the causes of a split between the army and the civilians. Censorship of the press is described as one of the main reasons civilians were unable to comprehend the realities of the war. The way the Times covered the battle of the Somme (lines 22-26) is given as a particularly striking example of how censored reports from the press gave "those at home" a completely misleading picture of the realities of the war.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 characterizes the government's control over propaganda as so comprehensive that those who did not experience the realities of the war in person were prevented from knowing about those realities.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not suggest that soldiers lacked opportunities to write home. It does not give any indication of how often soldiers wrote or could have written. It only says that few of them wrote the truth, and that even then, because of censorship by company officers, the truth did not reach those at home.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 2, not Passage 1, is the passage that deals with the disparity between men's and women's views of war.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not mention or imply anything about efforts of pacifists to end the war.

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17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. In this context the word "credit" means accept, or believe. This is relatively uncommon usage. This meaning of "credit" can perhaps be appreciated more readily through the related word "discredit" in contexts like "certain stories have been discredited as lies." What is at issue is whether the reports or stories are believable.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. To "award prose" would mean to give prose to someone as an award. This does not make sense. Moreover, the context in which the word "credit" appears does not suggest that these newspaper reports have anything to do with someone receiving an award.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The phrase "to enter prose" does not have any real meaning. There is a sense of "credit" as a kind of bookkeeping entry, but the current context is neither about accounting nor about the auditing of accounts.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Newspaper reporters could perhaps be described as people who "supply prose," but the context indicates that the two groups being contrasted are the troops and those at home. Those at home are ordinary civilians, not war correspondents. For the civilians at home the challenge was not to judge whether to supply newspaper prose, but whether to accept what the newpapers wrote as factual testimony.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The phrase "enrich prose like that as factual testimony" is not readily intelligible. In bookkeeping terms, a credit entry in a profit-and-loss account registers a financial gain. But an awareness that "credit" can be used this way is of no help to anyone trying to interpret the above phrase.

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18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. The author of Passage 2 argues that the terrible events of the war "were in fact very different for men and women" (line 38). The quotation from Vera Brittain, which refers to a "barrier of indescribable experience between men and women whom they loved" (lines 41-42), supports this position. Vera Brittain was engaged to a soldier who fought in the war and wrote the quoted words during the war.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Even though Passage 2 does argue that women gained various powers during the war, the reference to Vera Brittain in line 40 does not present any examples of powers gained by women. That reference is only concerned with how men who had been soldiers might change. In fact, the author of Passage 2 suggests in lines 46-50 that Vera Brittain may not have realized how greatly women were also changing.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Vera Brittain is presented as a writer who wrote truthfully about certain effects of the war. In the author's view, Vera Brittain did not manipulate any facts about the war; rather, she got a fact about the war right.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Vera Brittain is mentioned as someone who understood a preliminary point that the author of Passage 2 makes. In fact, the author supposes that Vera Brittain did not really appreciate a further point that is central to much of the women's wartime literature discussed in the passage. That further point is that there was a massive shift in women's powers and aspirations that was triggered by the war. So the mention of Vera Brittain is not part of the author's broader discussion of women's wartime literature.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The point of mentioning Vera Brittain is not to dispute recent historians' views of the war, but rather to illustrate the divergence of "unofficial" female history from "official," male-centered history.

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19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The author of Passage 2 says that women seemed to become more powerful. They "began to loom larger" (line 59) as nurses, as munitions workers, as bus drivers, as agricultural workers, and "even as wives and mothers" (lines 57-58). The word "even" signals that the roles of wife and mother are not roles in which one would have expected women to become more powerful. The assumption is, therefore, that those are roles that had previously commanded little authority.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage deals with a shift towards women in the balance of power within families, and it does suggest that women were the beneficiaries of an "economic revolution" (line 64). But it does not specifically mention households headed by women, nor how prosperous such households were.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The reference to "wives and mothers" in line 58 indicates that women's gains in power were not limited to the public sphere but extended to their roles within families. Neither this particular reference nor the surrounding context give a clue to how aware soldiers were of the ongoing societal changes.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Elsewhere in Passage 2 the point is made that women embraced their chance to work outside the home. However, the particular reference to "wives and mothers" in line 58 serves to emphasize that the broad political revolution ushered in by the war strengthened the position of women even within the home.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The reference to "wives and mothers" as looming larger has to do with how much of a say women had in matters affecting their families, not with their attitudes toward fulfilling family responsibilities.

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20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The word "revolution" refers to the political and economic revolution by which the First World War permanently granted women "access to both the votes and the professions that they had never before possessed" (lines 67-68). In other words, political and economical opportunities that were previously closed to women could now be pursued by them.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The revolution mentioned in line 64 is something that the "wartime poems, stories, and memoirs by women" writers explore, according to lines 62-68. "Revolution," therefore, refers to the subject matter that women's literary output during the war dealt with, not to the literary output itself.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 2 grants that the war "at least temporarily dispossessed male citizens of the primacy that had always been their birthright" (lines 65-66). But this is more nearly true of the situation during rather than after the war. In general, Passage 2 discusses the revolution mentioned in line 64 in terms of permanent changes that women underwent, not in terms of any changes that men may have undergone.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 2 speaks of revolution strictly in terms of a shift in the balance of power between men and women. If there was an accompanying redistribution of power from the upper to the middle class, the term "revolution" as used in line 64 does not refer to it.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. There is no discussion at all of wage levels. It is clearly part of the revolution mentioned in line 64 that the proportion of women in a variety of occupations jumped to much higher levels than before. But if it is also true that the wage gap between men and women narrowed, this is neither asserted nor implied.

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21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. Women's enthusiasm refers here to the celebration by women writers of the release of female desire and powers that the First World War had made possible. The author of Passage 2 suggests that this celebratory, enthusiastic spirit among women might "seem like morbid gloating" because it coincided with young men becoming "increasingly immured in the muck and blood of the battlefields" (line 52-53).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does not suggest that women's progress was the cause of the deterioration of men's status. Rather, it says that both were caused by the First World War, most clearly in lines 64-68: "the First World War at least temporarily dispossessed male citizens of the primacy that had always been their birthright, while permanently granting women access to both the votes and the professions that they had never before possessed." Moreover, as this quote also indicates, the deterioration of men's status was only temporary.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage gives no evidence of women having been peacemakers. The passage does mention that Virginia Woolf was known for her pacifist sympathies but then goes on to quote Virginia Woolf herself as saying that "the daughters of educated men . . . used all their immense stores of charm . . . to persuade young men that to fight was heroic" (lines 78-82). And later in the same paragraph Virginia Woolf is quoted as saying that, unconsciously, women "desired our splendid war" (line 87). The passage presents Virginia Woolf's analysis as reasonable and accurate.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage suggests that women made a significant contribution to the war effort. It does not, however, say anything about how women saw their contribution, or that they ever claimed that the war would have been lost without them.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage says that women celebrated the fact that their power within society grew. The passage says nothing to imply that women also celebrated the fact that they did not have to fight in the war.

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22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The passage mentions women's readiness to do menial tasks and to exercise fatal fascinations as showing how determined women were to escape the "education of the private house" (line 83). This determination to escape shows how stifled women had felt in their traditional roles.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The references in lines 84-85 relate narrowly to the strength of women's motivation to take on new roles. These references are not made in order to make a point about the consequences of women having these new roles.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Lines 84-85 do not deal with women's perceptions (whether idealizing or not) of the war and the realities of the war. The lines deal with women's resolve to take advantage of an opportunity that they were offered by the war.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The discussion in lines 84-85 is part of an attempt to explain why women rushed into hospitals, worked in munitions factories, and used their charm to persuade young men that to fight was heroic. In other words, it is an attempt to explain why women accepted certain horrors of war, not an attempt to explain a desire they may have had to escape those horrors.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 makes the point that women did not fight in the war early on. In lines 41-42 the passage quotes, with approval, a phrase coined by Vera Brittain who says that the war "put a barrier of indescribable experience between men and the women whom they loved." It is young men, in contrast to women, who are described as having to contend with the "muck and blood of the battlefields" (lines 52-53).

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23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. Behind the Scenes at the Front is a book that ignores the realities of the battlefield. It describes the common British soldier as "well fed, warm, safe, and happy" (line 19), whereas, according to Passage 1, the reality of the battlefield was one of "industrialized ghastliness" (lines 3-4). "The wartime poems, stories, and memoirs" mentioned in line 62 do not focus on the conduct of the war at all but are instead concerned with exploring "the political and economic revolution" taking place at home.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect.Behind the Scenes at the Front is mentioned as an example of the kind of publication specifically designed to keep uneasiness from arising among civilians.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Behind the Scenes at the Front reflected the wishes of the government with regard to how the war should be presented, but not the views that the government actually held. The "wartime poems, stories, and memoirs" reflected the insights of women writers, not the views of the government.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The "wartime poems, stories, and memoirs" concerned themselves with the change in the status quo for women in wartime Britain, but these poems, stories, and memoirs did not cause the change. Behind the Scenes at the Front is neither concerned with that change, nor did it cause it.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Nothing is said about any effect these publications might have had on writers and on how seriously they took their craft.

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24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 speaks of a "fissure" between the army and the civilians, and also of a division between those on the spot and those at home. Thus Passage 1 supports the view that soldiers felt isolated from civilian society. Passage 2 mentions a "barrier of indescribable experience between men and women whom they loved" (lines 41-42) and also talks about soldiers as becoming "increasingly abandoned by the civilization of which they had ostensibly been heirs" (lines 53-54). Passage 2, therefore, also supports the view that soldiers felt isolated from civilian society.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Neither passage suggests that the government was complacent. Thus the issue of whether officers resented the government's complacency does not arise in either passage.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 is sharply focused on the gulf that came to exist between soldiers and civilian society. It does not deal with the status of women at all. Passage 2 does deal with the status of women, but it does not say anything about their gaining independence in postwar Britain. What it says is that the status of women improved significantly during the war.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 2 does not mention any writers who attempted to describe the atrocities of war and, thus, does not support the idea that such attempts failed. Passage 1 does contain a reference to soldiers who wrote letters in which they tried to tell the truth about the realities of war. But these soldiers were probably not writers by trade. Moreover, they might actually have succeeded in describing the atrocities of war because portions of their letters are said to have been removed by company officers who acted as censors.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither passage deals with the nature of the European conflict or with the political goals of the war. So while it may be true that war proved an undesirable way to resolve the European conflict, neither passage supports this judgment.

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