新SAT官方OG阅读考试中心题型汇总4

>>SAT阅读：新SAT官方OG阅读考试中心题型汇总4

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P606——Section 8

电视在现代生活中的作用

7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The quoted term “wire-pullers” appears in a description of the manipulation thesis, which contends that nameless members of powerful political groups use television to control the opinions of the public.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The wire-pullers identified in the text are implied to be powerful manipulators of public opinion, not bland technicians.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author might believe that critics are trying to manipulate the public into protesting television, the term “wire-pullers” refers directly to the political dominators.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. In this passage, wire-pullers exist within the manipulation thesis. Hack writers, however, do not.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. While advertisers may be manipulators of public opinion, they are not the agents of political domination mentioned in the passage.

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8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. "Viewing" means watching. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television viewing leads above all to moral dangers." The author refers to television consumption in an explanation of the imitation thesis. Because this thesis warns of the moral dangers associated with watching television, it can be easily inferred that the reference to television consumption concerns television viewing.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Destruction" means complete ruin. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television destruction leads above all to moral dangers." While the imitation thesis argues that television has a destructive impact on morality, it would not make sense to say that television destruction leads to moral dangers.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Erosion" means the wearing away or deterioration of something. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television erosion leads above all to moral dangers." The thesis suggests that television viewing can erode morals, but it is illogical to say that actual televisions erode.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Purchasing" means buying. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television purchasing leads above all to moral dangers." While most people watch televisions that they have purchased, the imitation thesis refers most directly to the dangers of viewing, not buying, televisions.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. "Obsession" means an excessive preoccupation with something. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television obsession leads above all to moral dangers." But people who are obsessed with television are not the only ones who fall victim to its dangers. According to the text, the imitation thesis asserts that "anyone who is exposed to the medium" is vulnerable.

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9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. These lines describe the imitation thesis, which the author suggests dates back to the eighteenth century when novels were largely condemned. The author's tone suggests that the imitation thesis is as unjustified today as it was when applied in the eighteenth century.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not refer to any time period prior to the eighteenth century.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not suggest that the principal concern of eighteenth-century cultural critics was the danger of reading novels.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author asserts that theses based on morality have never been persuasive. Even in the eighteenth century, according to the author, such arguments only amounted to “vain warnings.”

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not suggest that television is a medium for art.

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10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. In these lines, the author suggests that the imitation thesis relies on the same morally simplistic arguments that were made about early novels.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author points out the origins of the imitation thesis, not the origins of television.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not imply that culture has declined. Television critics are more likely to make this implication.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's discussion of the imitation thesis is not concerned with visual imagery.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not discuss television producers.

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11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. The quoted terms appear in a description of the simulation thesis. According to this thesis, primary reality describes the everyday world and secondary reality refers to fictionalized versions of life that are portrayed on television.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Politics play a role in the manipulation thesis, not the simulation thesis.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither natural nor synthetic objects are mentioned in the passage’s summary of the simulation thesis.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The simulation thesis does not address the morals of television viewers. Morality is a key issue in the imitation thesis.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the author implies that anti-television theses are not based on scientific evidence, the passage does not include any direct references to the views of scientists or mystics.

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12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. The author criticizes the simulation thesis by stating that television viewers are perfectly capable of distinguishing between an argument on television and an argument at home. Proponents of the simulation thesis, however, would likely assert that their argument is more complex than the author describes. There may be ways that television distorts reality that are not captured in the author's basic, literal example.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author claims that the simulation thesis disregards the issues of proof and plausibility. This is a significant point to make when discrediting a theory.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's professional credentials are not known.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The author is equally skeptical of each thesis. He makes no attempt to support one at the expense of another.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does consider the impact of television on popular culture and implies that television viewing is not as harmful as critics maintain it to be.

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13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. “Scornful” means mocking. From the opening summation of the critics' theory that “Television makes you stupid,” to the sarcastic claim that critics show “immunity in the face of…idiocy,” the author's tone is consistently scornful.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. “Intrigued” means interested. While the author is interested enough to respond to the critics’ theories, he or she primarily finds the theories to be incorrect and insulting.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. “Equivocal” means undecided, but the author attacks television critics in a way that would be better described as decided or unequivocal.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. “Indulgent” means lenient. The author is not lenient in his criticism of the television commentators, however. The author treats them instead with mocking dismissal.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. “Nonchalant” means casual. While the author occasionally adopts a lighthearted style, the passage’s tone conveys a serious disagreement with the critics' conclusions.

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14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The author suggests throughout that the four theories are unconvincing, condescending to viewers, and even illogical.

The author sarcastically dismisses the arguments of the critics and highlights the foolishness of their claims.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author presents little evidence to refute the theories. Instead, the author points out the lack of evidence to support the theories.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author neglects to cite authorities.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author mentions the eighteenth century only briefly; the focus is primarily on the present.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. While the author does challenge the assumptions of the manipulation thesis, erasing the distinction between those who control television and those who are controlled by it is not the primary point of the passage.

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15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The author states that most television critics see viewers as passive victims who have lost their ability to be critical of what they see on television. The critics' theses discussed in the passage imagine viewers as uncritical and passive.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not mention comedy programs.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the passage accuses critics of assuming that viewers are uncritical, it does not mention comedy programs.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The critics' theories hold that viewers are too passive to be aware of political content on television, even when they are being manipulated.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Only Statement II is supported by the passage. The author does not mention comedy programs, and the critics' theories hold that viewers are unaware of political content on television.

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16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The author describes the four theories in detail, but peppers his criticism with irony. In lines 33–35, for example, his summary of the stupefaction thesis is loaded with sarcasm: “Television produces, therefore, a new type of human being, who can, according to taste, be imagined as a zombie or a mutant.”

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author's tone would be better described as smug than “earnest,” or heartfelt.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not include or make reference to any academic documentation.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The critics make gloomy predictions about the future, but the author does not.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not refer to any data.

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17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. “Absolute” in this context means not to be doubted. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read “Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an absolute manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us.” The author uses the term “sovereign” to describe the absolute, unequivocal way in which he claims television critics make judgments.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. “Excellent” means of the highest quality. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read “Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an excellent manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us.” The use of a positive adjective such as “excellent” in an insult would match the sentence’s sarcastic tone. However, the author is referring more directly to the unwavering nature of the critics’ manner. “Absolute” is therefore a better response.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. “Opulent” means luxurious. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read “Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an opulent manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us.” It would be illogical in this context to describe the critics’ manner as luxurious.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. “Elitist” means favoring members of a certain group or class. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read “Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an elitist manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us.” There is no suggestion that the critics' sovereign manner of making judgments is meant to favor any particular group.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. “Oppressive” means burdensome or tyrannical. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read “Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an oppressive manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us.” Because this sentence is sarcastically praising the critics, it would be stylistically inconsistent for the author to describe them with a derogatory term such as “oppressive.”

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18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The “fatal loophole” that the author sets up refers to the possibility that television critics are actually not exempt from the effects of television that they describe in their theories. The first word of line 62, “or,” signals that the sentence will counter the sarcastic claim, made in the previous sentence, that critics are free from television's dangers.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The paragraph in question does not mention politics or politicians.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The paragraph does not discuss occasional behavior; the author refers instead to “universal stupefaction," a permanent condition assumed to affect everyone.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not make a distinction between “serious” and “mindless”—in fact, that is an error the critics are accused of making.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not discuss the enjoyment of television.

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19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. In the final paragraph, the author attacks politicians with the same cutting irony used to malign the critics. Lines like “the conviction that one is dealing with millions of idiots…is part of the basic psychological equipment of the professional politician” are both humorous and contemptuous.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author's tone, while sharply critical, does not indicate outrage or embarrassment.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author does not seem to be puzzled at all. In fact, the passage seems to be written with a good deal of certainty.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. While the author may be resigned to the current state of affairs, he or she is clearly not relieved.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author is notably unsympathetic to manipulative politicians.

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