2018托福模拟题之阅读解析19

>>托福阅读解析：2018托福模拟题之阅读解析19

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托福阅读文本：

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneursincreased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories.These innovations inmanufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent;the average percapita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation.Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expandedthe scale and extend of the outwork system.Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according tothe amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles bywage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previouslyjourneymen would have made the entire shoe This system of production made the employer apowerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even moreimportant new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines andassembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 theprolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour milldriven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell intocontainers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to thetop of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers madeuse of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabledthem to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations ofinexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

托福阅读题目：

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America

(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America

(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(C) arranged

(D) discouraged

3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) value

(B) popularity

(C) extent

(D) diversity

4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

(C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"

(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's

and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers

(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

6.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

7. The word "prolific" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(C) self-employed

(D) progressive

8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by

Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce power.

(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.

(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.

9. The word "it" in line 25 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(C) grain

(D) mill

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

11. The word "eager" in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(C) regular

(D) enthusiastic

托福阅读答案：

DBCAB CBBCA D

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