2019年公共英语考试PETS三级阅读练习1

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Faced with amission.criticaldecision，who would you turn to for advice?Someone you had great confidence in，surely.But several lines of research show thatour instincts about where to mm to for counsel are often not completely correct.

My research looksat prejudices that affect how people use advice，including why theyoften blindly follow recommendations from people who—as far as they know—are as knowledgeable as they are.In studies I conducted with Don Moore of Carnegie MellonUniversity，for example，I found matpeople tend to overvalue advice when the problem they’readdressing is hard and to undervalue it when the problem iseasy.

In our experiments.subjects were asked to guess the weight of people in various pictures，some of which werein focus and some of which were unclear.For each picture，subjects guessed twice：the first time without advice and the second time with input from another participant.When me pictures were in focus，wefound，subjects tended to discount theadvice;apparently，theywere confident in their ability to guesscorrectly.When the pictures were unclear，subjectsleaned heavily on me advice ofothers and seemed less secure about their initialopinion.Becausethey misjudged the value 0f the advice theyreceived--consistently overvaluing orundervaluing it depending on the difficulty of the problem—our subjectsdid not make the best guesses overall.Theywould have done better if they’dconsidered the advice equally，and to a moderate degree，on both hard andeasy tasks.

Another advice—related prejudice I've found compels people toovervalue advice that they pay for.n one study Iconducted，subjectsanswered different sets of questions about American history.Beforeanswering some of the questions.theycould get advice on the correct answer from another subject whom they knew was nomore expert than they were.In one version of the experiment，people could get advice for free，while in another version，they paid for it.When they paid forad’vice，peopletended to have firm belief in it，Isuspect，by a combination of sunk—costprejudice and the nearly instinctual belief that cost and quality are linked.

1、The twoexperiments mentioned in the text reveal __.

A.howto follow others’advice

B.howto understand others’advice

C.whatcauses people to seek advice

D.whataffects people’s attitude to advice

参考答案：D

参考解析：推理题。从文章中得知，第1个实验是为了测试客观条件对人们是否依赖他人建议的影响，第二个是为了判断付费对人们是否依赖他人建议的影响。故选D。

2、In theface of a mission—critical decision，peopletend to __.

A.trusttheir own efforts

B.relyon research findings

C.getaffected by other’s opinion

D.seekhelp from the more knowledgable

参考答案：C

参考解析：细节题。从文章第1段第二句话“Someone you had greatconfidence in，surely!”得知，当面临重大决定时，人们总是受到他人影响。故选C。

3、Researchshows that when faced with difficult problems people often __.

A.discountothers’advice

B.overlookothers’advice

C.disagreewith others‘advice

D.over—relyon others’advice

参考答案：D

参考解析：细节题。从文章第二段第二句话“people tend to overvalue advice when the problem theyare addressing is hard!”得知，当人们处理的问题棘手时，他们总是过于依赖他人建议。故选D。

4、The firstexperiment tries to prove how objective conditions __.

A.strengthenpeople’s initial opinion

B.strengthenpeople’s self-confidence

C.influencepeople’s response to advice

D.influencepeople’s guess of weight loss

参考答案：C

参考解析：推理题。从文章中得知，在第1个试验中，影像的清晰程度影响了调查对象对他人意见的依赖程度。故选C。

5、It can beinferred that people are likely to __.

A.undervaluefree advice

B.overvaluepeer’s advice

C.misinterpretspecialist’s advice

D.misjudgetheir instinctual belief

参考答案：A

参考解析：推理题。从文章最后一段得知，人们缴纳咨询费时，往往会对别人的建议坚信不疑，可推知如果免费得到建议，则不太重视。故选A。

参考译文:

当面临重大决定时，你会向谁求助呢?当然是你最信任的人!但是多项研究表明我们向别人求助的本能经常不是完全正确的。

我的研究旨在观察影响人们对待建议的态度的偏见，包括他们为什么会执着于和他们自身见识一样的人的建议。我与卡内基麦隆大学的顿·摩尔共同进行的研究表明，当人们处理的问题棘手时，他们倾向于过于重视他人意见，反之则轻视他人意见。

在实验中，我们要求调查对象猜测几幅画中人物的体重，有的清晰，有的不清晰。对每幅画，他们都有两次猜的机会，第1次没有别人的建议，而第二次则可以依据另一个参与者的信息。我们发现，当图像清晰的时候，他们倾向于排斥他人的意见，相信自己正确判断的能力。而当图像模糊的时候，他们则过于依赖他人的建议，对于自己原先的判断不确定。由于他们对于所接受的建议的价值一直都没有做出正确的判断，一直都是高估或低估，所以他们整体上没有做出最佳的猜测。如果他们在一定程度上平等考虑所有的建议，他们的表现可能会好很多。

我发现了另一个与建议有关的倾向性，即人们会高估他们付费的建议。在我开展的一个研究中，调查对象回答了几组关于美国历史的问题。回答一些问题之前，他们可以从另外一个调查对象那里得到一个正确答案的建议，他明白这个调查对象知道的和他一样多。在一次试验中，他们无偿得到建议。而在另一个实验中却要付费。付费时，人们倾向于坚信这个建议。我怀疑，这是由于沉没成本偏见以及近乎本能的一种信念，即代价与质量相关。

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